Interesting Events to Look out for in Rome in January 2024
The idea of spending January in Rome probably doesn’t sound like a total dream vacation for you.
You might imagine crummy weather and even shorter daylight for sightseeing.
But hang on a second there; before you ditch those Rome winter travel plans, we just gotta share how awesome our trip to Rome in January was.
It was the kind of memory you wouldn’t want to miss out on.
We have the right tips and things to do and see for you so you can dodge the downsides and actually enjoy your visit.
Our guide will also cover the weather, fun January activities, mouthwatering local eats, smart ways to get around, cozy places to stay, and wardrobe suggestions.
So, let’s dive in and make your January in Rome an unforgettable experience!
Weather in Rome Italy in January
You’re in for a mild winter experience when you visit Rome in January, unlike other European cities such as Ufa in Russia, where you’d be sure to battle freezing temperatures and heavy snow.
You can expect the temperature in Rome to hover around 7.2°C (45°F) on average throughout the month.
But if this temp doesn’t sound comfortable to you, it’s wise to pack a jacket or layer up (perhaps a stylish Italian one to blend in with the fashionable locals).
There might be a bit of rain here and there, though. But you can still enjoy plenty of hours of daily sunshine.
Now, it might not be as idyllic as summer, but a trip to Rome in January gives you a chance to really feel the city’s timeless beauty in a more intimate way.
How Long Does the Sun Rise in Rome in January?
Rome’s got these short winter days during January, giving you around 9 and a half hours of daylight.
The sun usually shows up around 7:35 am and takes off around 5:05 pm.
But, just so you know, the times wiggle a bit during the month. Early January’s sun sets at 4:50 pm.
And as you move into late January, the daylight hangs around a bit longer, with the sun rising at 7:25 am and calling it a day at around 5:20 pm.
So, you’re looking at almost 10 hours of sunshine towards the end of the month.
Does It Rain in Rome in January?
Yes, rain might pop up in Rome in January – we are talking about 53.3mm (2.1in) of precipitation over 6 to 7 days.
But honestly, it can be a bit hit or miss. Some years, January keeps it dry.
Since rain’s possible, toss in an umbrella and a rain jacket just in case.
Does It Snow in Rome in January?
You might get a sprinkle of snow every few years in Rome. And just so you know, January seems to be the month for it.
But keep in mind that if it does happen, it’s usually just a light dusting and nothing too crazy.
Winter Temperature in Rome in January
Temperature-wise, Rome in January is cool but not bone-chilling.
Its daytime highs are around 17.8°C (64°F), and nighttime lows can reach as low as 2.8°C (37°F).
Now, don’t let the cool vibe scare you off. January is actually a solid time to roam around Rome without the sweltering heat of the summer months.
Just make sure to grab a warm jacket, and don’t forget the gloves for those evening strolls.
Average Low Temperature: 2.8°C (37°F)
Average High Temperature: 12.2°C (54°F)
Average Temperature: 7.2°C (45°F)
Precipitation: 53.3mm (2.1in)
Holiday Events to Look out for in Rome in January
When the new year hits, Rome has all sorts of fun holiday events to check out. From old-school traditions to parties, January’s got it going on.
Here’s the lowdown on what’s happening in this ancient town:
New Year’s Day (January 1st)
If you’re thinking of Italy for New Year’s Day, Rome’s the top pick for that.
There’s a mass at St. Peter’s Basilica for a special New Year’s Day mass by the Pope at 10 am.
Once the mass wraps up, head to Saint Peter’s Square for the iconic Angelus blessing at 12 noon – it’s a tradition worth witnessing.
Lucky for us, we managed to snag a spot near the front, even though the square was packed with people.
But if you can’t make it in person, no worries – you can watch it live online or on TV in your hotel.
Then, to feel the local vibe, you may join in the feast tradition featuring lentils and pork because, as for locals, it symbolizes the abundance and richness that life has in store for you and the prosperity the new year holds.
La Befana and The Festival of the Epiphany (January 6th)
La Befana is one of the special events in Rome that you don’t want to miss out on. This annual event is celebrated every 6th of January.
You can expect a parade right through Via della Conciliazione and leading up to Saint Peter’s Square – there are floats and performers channeling the Three Wise Men and, of course, La Befana herself.
For another fantastic spot to join in the celebrations, Piazza Navona is where it’s at.
This place comes alive with live music, dance, and a variety of food stalls.
This event is also perfect for families with little ones. Expect puppet shows and carousel rides that will surely entertain them.
Festa di San Antonio Abate (January 17th)
The Feast of Saint Anthony Abbott, or ‘La Festa di Sant’Antonio Abate,’ is celebrated every 17th of the month.
You better head to the Church of Sant’Antonio Abate over Esquiline Hill to experience the festivities – from street processions and food stalls to bonfires and live music.
One of the unique things happening here is folks bringing their pets to get blessed in the nearby Piazza Sant’Eusebio.
As a fur parent, it was truly a heartwarming sight to see.
The Feast of St. Agnes (January 21st)
Mark your calendar for January 21st because that’s the Feast of St. Agnes. Just so you know, she’s the go-to patron saint for young girls.
You can expect a mass on this day. Plus, there’s a concert by the National Academy of Saint Cecilia’s White Voices Choir, and it’s free!
Just cross your fingers for availability.
And if you’re curious about her relics, you can visit the St. Agnes at Sant’Agnese fuori le mura (St. Agnes Outside the Walls).
For your timing, swing by Thursday through Saturday and Tuesday from 9 AM to 12 noon and then again from 3 PM to 6 PM.
Sundays are only open in the afternoon from 3 PM to 6 PM.
Things to Do in Rome in January (Markets, Concerts, Performances, Exhibits, and More)
Rome in January has loads of fun and cool stuff to do.
They’ve got entertaining performances and some thought-provoking exhibitions that can spice up your winter visit.
So, here are the best things you can do in Rome in January:
Sway to the Rhythm of Music at Concerts
January is the perfect time to experience some live tunes and connect with fellow music enthusiasts.
Whether you’re into classical vibes (our forever jam) or the latest beats, there’s something for everyone.
So, if you’re up for it, check out some famous venues in Rome for live performances this January!
Be Amazed by the Melodes at the Auditorium Parco Della Musica
If you’re a music lover like us, we greatly advise you to visit The Auditorium Parco Della Musica in January. It’s like a modern art building just for music.
This concert hall has amazing acoustics and a lineup that’s got something for everyone.
So, here’s the scoop: January 1st kicks off with Tossca, an Italian singer-songwriter with soulful vibes and poetic lyrics.
Her tickets start at €30, so you can welcome the new year in style without spending too much money.
We’ve actually seen her perform live before, and she’s one of those artists who really connects with the audience.
And if you’re into smooth jazz, mark January 12th on your calendar for Peter White’s gig.
This guitarist and composer are all about emotive performances that’ll surely take you on a melodic journey.
Tickets start at €20.70 – not bad for a night of musical bliss.
On January 13th, Serena Brancale will be taking the stage to showcase her vocal prowess.
Starting at €21.80, it’s your chance to catch an up-and-coming star in an intimate setting.
We’ve heard great things about her live shows, so this is definitely one to consider if you’re looking for something a little different.
Now, for the hardcore fans, Daniele Silvestri, the Italian singer-songwriter, is doing a five-night gig from January 18th to the 21st, plus an encore on January 26th.
Tickets start at €40 – definitely worth it for a night of musical enchantment in the heart of Rome.
Experience Sacred Melodies at St. Paul’s Within the Walls
St. Paul’s Within the Walls is one of our favorite landmarks in Rome.
This is no regular church; it’s a Renaissance-style masterpiece – think ornate interiors and frescoes.
Circle January 9th, 2024, 8:30 PM on your calendar because that’s when the place is gonna be buzzing with the timeless opera, “La Traviata” by Verdi.
It’s a love, sacrifice, and societal constraints kind of masterpiece that’s surely gonna hit you right in the feels.
And if you’re up for a real Italian experience, mark January 13th and 20th, 2024.
Those nights are all about the “Three Tenors, Mandolini Napoletani e Balletto” performance – a mashup of traditional Neapolitan music, sweet mandolin tunes, and some seriously mesmerizing ballet.
Just a heads up and learn from our experience: too often, we found ourselves waiting too long and settling for less-than-ideal seats at the events we attended in Rome.
We greatly advise you to snag those tickets early to ensure a better view. Take this as a lesson for you, and don’t make the same mistake.
Immerse Yourself in Renaissance Tunes at Palazzo Santa Chiara
Palazzo Santa Chiara is a historical palace filled with intricate architecture that sets the stage for a night of musical enchantment that you surely won’t forget.
In January, you can expect here a mesmerizing performance from The Great Opera Arias.
Whether you’re a seasoned opera buff or just dipping your toes into the classical music scene, this is an experience you can’t afford to miss.
So, snag your tickets now to secure a spot on either January 1st, 3rd, 6th, or 7th.
Enjoy Captivating Performances at Teatro Brancaccio
Tucked right in the city center at Via Merulana, Teatro Brancaccio is a hotspot for culture buffs.
Inside, you’ll be greeted by a vibe that’s all about sophistication and excitement.
The interiors are lush, with fancy details and warm lighting, setting the stage for a seriously great experience.
Circle January 24th on your calendar because that’s when the acclaimed Italian composer and producer, Dardust, is taking the spotlight.
This man has a knack for blending electronic and classical vibes that have earned him a solid fanbase.
Now, as for the tickets. You can get yours starting from €32.20.
Witness the Fusion of Music at the Timeless Teatro Olimpico
If you’re around Rome in January, here’s a heads-up on what you definitely shouldn’t miss at the Teatro Olimpico.
This Renaissance spot is hosting two gigs that promise to be an amazing experience for everyone.
First off, on January 15th, catch the E.L. Squad – these guys are all about blending electronic beats with classic orchestra vibes.
And from January 23rd to 25th, the Teatro Olimpico is paying tribute to Pink Floyd – you heard it right.
So, get ready for a three-night spectacle, reliving the magic of one of the greatest rock bands ever.
Tickets for this concert start at €36.50, making it a must for Pink Floyd fans and music buffs alike.
Explore Stunning Masterpieces in Exhibitions
You’ve got a sweet chance to dive headfirst into the awesome world of art and culture when you visit Rome at the beginning of the year.
There’s some cool stuff going on with exhibitions that showcase the mind-blowing work of some seriously top-notch artists.
So, we are excited to share with you the can’t-miss exhibit-related activities in Rome in January.
Enjoy Free Museum Entry on the First Sunday of the Month
You can actually visit the museums during January in Rome without spending money.
Here’s a pro tip: Hit them up on the first Sunday of the month when entry is on the house.
Plus, January’s a solid time because it’s not as crowded as the summer months.
Some of the museums you can visit are the Borghese Museum, Galleria Spada, National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Capitoline Museums, and the National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art.
Quick heads up – the free entry’s a hot deal, but it is best to roll in early to avoid the crowds.
Some exhibitions might still need a separate ticket, so check the museum’s site or ask at the entrance for the lowdown.
See the “100 Presepi in Vaticano” Exhibit at the Vatican
The 100 Presepi in Vaticano is an annual gig happening in the Vatican City during the Christmas season and up until January 7, 2024.
We cannot recommend this event enough, especially for those who appreciate art, culture, and the holiday season.
It’s a showcase of Nativity scenes set up under the Bernini colonnade in Saint Peter’s Square.
You’ll catch these scenes made from materials like wood, clay, and straw, but also get a load of some quirky ones using shells and recycled bits – those are always our favorite.
So, if you’re up for it, swing by and check out the artistry from around the world.
Check out the “Uninhabitable Architecture” Showcase at Centrale Montemartini
If you’re in Rome starting from January 24 and even until the end of the month, you’ve got to swing by the Centrale Montemartini for a great exhibition – The Uninhabitable Architectures.
This exhibit shakes up the idea of what buildings are supposed to do.
They’re diving into the relationship between living and building, using about 150 photos, historical videos, and texts to paint a picture for you.
You’ll see places like the Gazometro in Rome, the Brion Memorial in Altivole, and the Half-Submerged Bell Tower of Curon – just to name a few.
What’s even cool is they’re mixing old-school images with works by some top-notch photographers and artists of today.
It gives you this whole new perspective on each place’s beauty and why they’re uninhabitable.
This is something you won’t want to miss if you’re into architecture or just want to see some really interesting stuff.
Discover Artist Hilde Lotz Bauer’s Works at the “Hilde in Italy” Exhibit
You’ve got to check out the Museo di Roma when you’re in Trastevere in January.
They’re hosting an exhibition titled ‘Hilde in Italy: Art and Life in the Work of Hilde Lotz-Bauer,’ starting on January 17, 2024.
It’s a real eye-opener showcasing the photography of Hilde Lotz-Bauer, a German pioneer in street photography.
You can expect to see around 100 images capturing everyday life and celebrations here.
She had a knack for uncovering the beauty in the mundane, revealing a side of Italy that’s rarely documented.
So, if you’re up for a dose of history and art through the lens of a true visionary, this exhibition is a must-see.
Explore the “The Ways of Faith” Art and Thought Exhibition
For some art and history, you’ve got to check out the “Jubilee 2025: The Ways of Faith: Testimonies of Art and Thought” exhibition at the National Museum of Castel Sant’Angelo starting January 23, 2024.
This showcase dives deep into society’s connection with religion.
And you’ll surely be amazed by the range here, spanning over 500 years of artistry, from Vittore Crivelli’s fifteenth-century masterpieces to modern creations by the likes of Omar Galliani.
As you wander through, keep an eye out for stunning masterpieces like Zuccari’s captivating “Meeting of Saint Francis with Saint Dominic” and the fascinating sketch of the “Resurrection” by Fazzini.
So, you better not miss this!
Score Great Deals During Winter Sales
Rome is not just about the ancient ruins and pasta; you can dive into their winter sales scene, too. We’re talking deals, up to 70% off.
Don’t miss out on the well-known Campo de’ Fiori market, Via Nazionale, and Piazza Navona for your shopping fix.
We even indulged in a bit of luxury shopping at the malls, scoring designer pieces at prices that would make any fashionista swoon.
There’s just something so satisfying about getting a crazy deal in one of the world’s fashion capitals.
Just a heads up: during the winter sales, it can get pretty crowded and chaotic out there.
You might even encounter long lines at popular stores, so patience is always the key.
Wander the Streets at Your Own Pace and With Less Crowds
January is honestly our favorite time to explore, with fewer crowds and nice, mild temperatures.
You get to hit up the classic landmarks like the Colosseum, Trevi Fountain, and Vatican Museums without feeling rushed.
For a taste of local life, wander around neighborhoods like Trastevere and Monti.
They’re all about those charming cobblestone streets, cute cafes, and artisan shops.
And don’t forget to indulge in authentic Roman cuisine at uncrowded local eateries – from classic dishes like carbonara to mouthwatering suppli.
Oh, and remember to bundle up a bit—it can get chilly out there. And comfy shoes are a must for exploring.
Get into the Holiday Spirit at Lively Christmas Markets
Looking to keep the holiday vibes going well into January?
Rome’s got you covered with some awesome Christmas markets that’ll keep the festive spirit alive and kicking.
Here’s the lowdown on where to go and what to see:
Christmas World in Villa Borghese
First up, don’t miss Christmas World in Villa Borghese. This market is open until January 7th.
Think cozy stalls filled with handmade crafts, tasty treats, and unique gifts. Plus, you can catch some parades and live performances.
And for an extra bit of fun for the kiddos, they have a double-decker merry-go-round and an 800-square-meter ice rink here.
We’re not ashamed to admit we actually went for a spin on that merry-go-round.
There’s just something magical about feeling like a kid again amidst all the holiday cheer.
Piazza Navona Christmas Market
Next on your list should be the Piazza Navona Christmas Market, taking over one of Rome’s most famous squares.
Running from early December to the first week of January, this market is a sensory overload in the best possible way.
You’ll find a carousel here for your kids to enjoy, artisanal goodies, festive decorations, and lots of mouthwatering street food.
This is where we picked up the most adorable hand-painted ceramic ornaments.
Cinecittà World Christmas Market
If you’re after something a bit more modern and family-friendly, check out the Cinecittà World Christmas Market. It is open until January 7, 2024.
This market is set within the legendary Cinecittà film studios.
Alongside the usual stalls, you can enjoy thrilling rides, live shows, and immersive exhibits inspired by your favorite movies and TV shows.
It’s the perfect mix of holiday cheer and entertainment for everyone.
What to Eat in Rome in January
When winter rolls around in Rome, you’re in for a treat with some delicious seasonal fruits and veggies.
These are the perfect ingredients for a refreshing dish and drink.
Citrus Fruits
First up, the city has abundant citrus fruits – think bright oranges, juicy clementines, and tangy lemons.
You’ll find these everywhere, from the local markets to your neighborhood grocery store.
Snack on them straight up, or add them to your drinks for that extra taste.
There’s nothing like starting your day with a glass of freshly squeezed orange juice from one of the iconic bars in Rome.
Kiwi
Despite the tropical origins of kiwi, it is actually at its best in January here. Grab a couple from the street vendors and enjoy them as a refreshing dessert.
Plus, they’re packed with Vitamin C, so they’ll help keep those winter colds at bay.
Pears
Rome’s got some top-notch varieties like the Abate and Coscia pears. You can use them for baking tarts or just enjoy them fresh.
Head out to the surrounding hilltop towns if you want to pick your own, or hit up one of the upscale grocers in the city.
Artichokes
Now, onto everyone’s favorite Roman veggie – artichokes. Whether you like them fried, stuffed, or dipped, you’ll find them in January.
Don’t miss out on the crispy artichoke fritters from the various restaurants in Rome.
Broccoli
Broccoli might not be the most exciting, but they’re a big deal in Rome during the winter months.
You can add them to your pasta dishes for that authentic Roman touch. Hit up local markets for some fresh ones.
Where to Stay in Rome in January
When it comes to picking the perfect spot to stay in Rome, you can’t beat the action-packed vibes of the city center.
So, let me point you in the right direction for where to crash.
Hotel Paba
Hotel Paba is worth considering for a spot to stay that puts you right in the thick of things.
It’s right in the middle of the historic center, so you can easily walk to famous spots like the Trevi Fountain, Spanish Steps, and Pantheon.
The rooms have all the basics covered with stuff like air conditioning, satellite TV, and free Wi-Fi.
And if you’re traveling on a budget, January tends to be a good time to snag a deal here.
Just a heads up, it’s not the fanciest joint in town, but it’ll definitely do the trick if you’re not too picky.
Hotel Bed Roma
If you’re on the lookout for a wallet-friendly spot, Hotel Bed Roma fits the bill nicely.
This joint sits snug in the Monti neighborhood, just a stone’s throw from the Colosseum and Roman Forum.
Aside from being cheap, what we also loved here is how tidy and cozy their rooms are. Plus, they throw in free Wi-Fi and keep the front desk manned 24/7.
Concept Terrace Hotel
The Concept Terrace Hotel over in Monti is a solid pick if you’re after a modern spot with some serious style.
Think sleek rooms, none of that over-the-top stuff, just clean lines and top-notch gear like smart TVs and well-airconditioned rooms.
But the best spot here is their rooftop terrace – sweeping views of Rome.
What to Wear in Rome in January
If you’re heading to Rome in January, you’ll want to prep for some chilly temps and maybe a bit of rain, so here’s the lowdown on what to pack:
Tops
Layering is your friend here. Think thin long-sleeved tees that wick moisture, topped with sweaters like merino wool or cashmere.
And don’t forget a warm coat – something insulated to keep that chill at bay. We learned the hard way that stylish sweaters just won’t cut it.
Oh, and if you’re planning to visit churches, bring along a shoulder-covering top.
Bottoms
For your bottoms, opt for breathable layers again. Longer pants or trousers are a good bet, or thicker leggings if that’s more your style.
Jeans work, but they can get soggy if it rains. Oh, and skip the 100% cotton pants – they won’t keep you warm.
A knee-length skirt or dress with tights can be a nice option for milder days, too.
Shoes
When it comes to shoes, comfort is key.
You’ll be doing a lot of walking on those narrow cobblestone streets, so go for ankle boots with a low heel and rubber soles.
Waterproof boots wouldn’t hurt either, just in case. And toss in an extra pair of warm socks for good measure.
Accessories
You can wrap up with a scarf, hat, and gloves to fend off the chill.
And don’t forget your umbrella and a waterproof jacket – handy for those unexpected showers.
Oh, and a roomy day bag or backpack is a must for carrying extra layers while you’re out exploring.
Consider throwing in some hand and foot warmers if you’re particularly sensitive to the cold.
Getting Around Rome in January
Ride Public Transportation: Rome’s Metro, Bus, and Tram Network
You can totally rely on Rome’s metro, buses, and trams to get around the city in January. The metro’s got three lines that hit up most of the main spots.
Buses and trams are also everywhere, filling in the gaps that the metro misses.
Better grab yourself a Roma Pass to save some cash and make your life easier.
Exploring Rome on Foot
Even though it’s a bit nippy in January, walking is one of the best options for checking out Rome’s historic vibes.
The city’s not huge, and it’s super walkable, especially in the old part.
Wrap up warm and wander around places like Trastevere, the Jewish Ghetto, and those cool Baroque squares.
Hail a Taxi
Taxis in Rome are convenient but can hit you in the wallet. They’re good for quick trips or when you’re in a rush.
Stick to the legit ones – they’re usually white with a “TAXI” sign on top.
Rent a Car
Renting a car in Rome might sound scary ’cause of the narrow streets and lack of parking.
But if you’re keen to explore outside the city or want your own wheels, it’s an option.
Just be ready for some tricky driving and maybe grab a GPS or a navigation app to help you out.
Go on a Guided Tour
If you’re into having someone else lead the way, think about joining a walking tour or hiring a private guide.
Local guides know their stuff and can show you some cool places you might miss otherwise.
It is also a great time to do walking tours because January is quieter and not as hot.
Helpful Tips for Visiting Rome in January
Here are some tips to make your trip awesome in Rome during January:
Pack Wisely for January Weather
Rome in January isn’t exactly beach weather. It’s more like bundle-up-in-layers weather.
Think layers upon layers – heavy coats, sweaters, scarves, and gloves. And don’t forget to pack an umbrella because it tends to drizzle a fair bit.
Explore Indoor Attractions
When it’s freezing outside, it’s prime time for indoor exploring.
Rome has some amazing museums like the Vatican Museums and Galleria Borghese (our favorite) – perfect for checking out some rad art without shivering your timbers off.
Just make sure to purchase your tickets in advance to skip long lines.
Enjoy the Smaller Crowds
January in Rome means fewer heads to dodge at the must-see spots like the Colosseum and Vatican Museums.
You can take your time appreciating the sights without feeling rushed.
This is definitely way more enjoyable compared to the summer months.
Start Your Days Early
In January, the sun’s not hanging around as long, so you’d better start your day bright and early.
Most spots open up shop around 9 AM, so aim to roll in shortly after to make the most of your daylight hours.
Plus, getting there early means you can dodge any lingering mid-day crowds and have the place to yourself for a bit.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Is January a Good Time to Visit Rome?
Absolutely! While the weather is cooler, January can be an ideal month to explore Rome without the huge summer crowds.
You’ll have more space to move around famous sights like the Colosseum and the Vatican.
Just be prepared for shorter daylight hours and the possibility of some rain or even a dusting of snow.
Is Rome Expensive in January?
January is considered an off-peak season in Rome, so you can expect lower prices on things like hotels, airfare, and even some restaurant deals.
Don’t be too surprised if you encounter some higher prices, mainly because it’s still a hotspot for tourists.
But, overall, it’s a great time to visit if you’re trying to stretch your travel budget.
How Cold Is Rome in January?
Rome definitely gets chilly in January. Average highs are around 12.2°C (54°F), while lows dip down to about 2.8°C (37°F).
Some days may feel quite cold, so pack plenty of warm layers like sweaters, coats, scarves, and gloves.
An umbrella is also a smart idea in case you get caught in a rain shower.
Is Rome Busy in January?
No, January is actually one of the quieter times to visit the Eternal City.
But know that some famous attractions like Trevi Fountain and Pantheon may still have a moderate number of visitors.
But, overall, it’s a much calmer atmosphere than summer or fall.
Wasn’t That Just the Most Amazing Way to Kick off 2024 in the One-And-Only Rome?
Traveling to Rome in January is honestly a fantastic idea. The weather is mild, and the city has a unique vibe that you can’t experience during peak seasons.
It might be a bit chilly, but that’s nothing a cozy sweater and a hot cup of Italian coffee can’t fix.
Plus, you get to enjoy all the incredible events and festivities that Rome has to offer in January, from the Epiphany celebrations to live music performances.
And let’s not forget the sales; you can score designer deals in one of the fashion capitals of the world.
With fewer tourists around, you can truly explore the city’s history and culture at a leisurely pace.
